SAQA All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY 
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: 

Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the basic principles of public administration and management 
SAQA US ID UNIT STANDARD TITLE
110490  Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the basic principles of public administration and management 
ORIGINATOR
SGB Economics 
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY
-  
FIELD SUBFIELD
Field 03 - Business, Commerce and Management Studies Finance, Economics and Accounting 
ABET BAND UNIT STANDARD TYPE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL CREDITS
Undefined  Regular  Level 4  NQF Level 04  4 
REGISTRATION STATUS REGISTRATION START DATE REGISTRATION END DATE SAQA DECISION NUMBER
Passed the End Date -
Status was "Reregistered" 		 2018-07-01  2023-06-30  SAQA 06120/18 
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT
2026-06-30   2029-06-30  

In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise.  

This unit standard does not replace any other unit standard and is not replaced by any other unit standard. 

PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD 
This Unit Standard is intended for people who are, or seek to be, active in the local government sector. It provides the learner with information on the sources and contents of the principles of public administration and management and how these are put into operation through codes of conduct. It also provides an understanding of their application in the local economic development environment.

People credited with this Unit Standard are able to:
  • Define the concept `public administration and management` and identify and explain the basic principles involved
  • Explain the concept of `ethics` and its applicability to public administration and management
  • Discuss the impact of the principles of public administration and management on the management of local economic development 
    		•

    LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 
    It is assumed that the leaner is competent in Communication at NQF Level 3. 

    UNIT STANDARD RANGE 
  • Public administration and management principles are those covered by: chapter 10, section 195(1) and (2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996; Batho Pele principles issued by the Department of Public Service and Administration; Public Service Regulations - Public Service Act 104 of 1995; Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000 and Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998
  • Ethics and codes of conduct are those covered by: Code of Ethics for Public officials contained in the Public Service Act 104 of 1995; Code of Ethics for officials and Councillors contained in the Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998
  • Management functions include: planning, leading, organising, controlling 
    		•

    Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 
    Define the concept `public administration and management` and identify and explain. 
    OUTCOME NOTES 
    Define the concept `public administration and management` and identify and explain the basic principles involved. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    1. The concept `public administration and management` is described with specific reference to the socio-political context of South Africa 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    2. The key principles underpinning public administration and management are identified from relevant South African sources 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    3. The key principles identified are explained in terms of how they are relevant to the local economic development environment 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 
    Explain the concept of `ethics` and its applicability to public administration and management. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    1. The concept of `ethics` is explained and illustrated by examples from the South African context 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    2. The sources of ethical principles and related rules of conduct are identified in the public administration and management context in South Africa 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    3. Specific ethical principles and rules of conduct are selected and explained in terms of how they apply to local economic development 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 
    Discuss the impact of the principles of public administration and management. 
    OUTCOME NOTES 
    Discuss the impact of the principles of public administration and management on the management of local economic development. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    1. Management functions are identified and explained in the local economic development environment 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    2. The implications of the public administration and management principles in practice in South Africa are considered in relation to the identified local economic development management functions 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    3. The conduct of the local economic development functions is discussed with reference to the ethical principles and rules of behaviour applicable to public administration and management in South Africa 


    UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS 
    1. Anyone assessing a learner against this Unit Standard must be registered as an assessor with the relevant ETQA, or with an ETQA that has a Memorandum of Understanding with the relevant ETQA.
    2. Any institution offering learning that will enable achievement of this Unit Standard or will assess this Unit Standard must be accredited as a provider with the relevant ETQ, or with an ETQA that has a Memorandum of Understanding with the relevant ETQA .
    3. Moderation of assessment will be overseen by the relevant ETQA according to the moderation guidelines in the relevant qualification and the agreed ETQA procedures or with an ETQA that has a Memorandum of Understanding with the relevant ETQA.
    4. Therefore, anyone wishing to be assessed against this Unit Standard may apply to be assessed by any assessment agency, assessor or provider institution that is accredited by the relevant ETQA or with an ETQA that has a Memorandum of Understanding with the relevant ETQA. 

    UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE 
  • Public administration and management as the context for implementing national, provincial and local government activities
  • The concept of ethics and its relevance to public administration and management
  • Ethics, corruption and public resources
  • General management functions and their applicability in the public sector 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME 
    N/A 

    UNIT STANDARD LINKAGES 
    N/A 


    Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING 
    Collect, analyse, organize and critically evaluate information by, e.g.
  • Defining the concept `public administration and management` and identify and explain the basic principles involved according to the assessment criteria for Specific Outcome:
    Define the concept `public administration and management` and identify and explain the basic principles involved
  • Identifying the sources of ethical principles and related rules of conduct in the public administration and management context in South Africa according to assessment criterion:
    The sources of ethical principles and related rules of conduct are identified in the public administration and management context in South Africa
  • Considering the implications of the public administration and management principles in practice in South Africa in relation to the identified local economic development management functions according to assessment criterion:
    The implications of the public administration and management principles in practice in South Africa are considered in relation to the identified local economic development management functions 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD ASSESSOR CRITERIA 
    N/A 

    REREGISTRATION HISTORY 
    As per the SAQA Board decision/s at that time, this unit standard was Reregistered in 2012; 2015. 

    UNIT STANDARD NOTES 
    N/A 

    QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
      ID QUALIFICATION TITLE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL STATUS END DATE PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY
    Core  65989   Further Education and Training Certificate: Human Settlements Development  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  CETA 
    Core  36436   National Certificate: Local Economic Development  Level 4  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L4  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  LG SETA 
    Core  49107   National Certificate: Inspection and Enforcement Services  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  PSETA 
    Elective  57712   Further Education and Training Certificate: Generic Management  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 


    PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
    This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here.
     
    1. A.S.A.P Training And Consulting 
    2. A4 Consultancy Cc 
    3. Abanguni College of South Africa 
    4. AFRIC POLICING INSTITUTE 
    5. Africa Corporate Training Institute And Hr Consulting 
    6. Africa Institute For Public Administration 
    7. Africawide Consulting 
    8. Akha Unique telecoms (pty) ltd 
    9. All Access Holdings 
    10. Alpharide 
    11. Amabamba Recruitment 
    12. Amangile Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    13. Amaqamu Project Management and Consulting 
    14. Amg Training And Hygiene Consultants 
    15. Anicrop Training 
    16. Aphiwezothe 
    17. Assured Vocational Skills Institute 
    18. Attractive Softcare Application Projects cc t/a ASAP Events and Consulting 
    19. Avax Sa 481 Cc. T/A Mandisa Development Services 
    20. Avc Corporate Advisory Services (Pty) Ltd. 
    21. Avenida (Pty) Ltd 
    22. Bafedile M (Pty) Ltd 
    23. Bakgatla Municipal Solutions 
    24. Baledi And Lutramark 
    25. Bantubanye Skills 
    26. Batla Gorona Trading Enterprise 
    27. Bavelile Consultants And Training 
    28. Belgravia Institute Of Mangement (Pty) Ltd 
    29. Bendrew Trading 
    30. Bettes - Types Trading And Projects 
    31. Black Thari Trading Enterprise 
    32. Bmst Consulting 
    33. Boikgalaletso Skills Development 
    34. Boikgantsho Consulting & Events 
    35. Bokamoso Urban Planners 
    36. BOLAND COLLEGE 
    37. Boni Africa Events & Development 
    38. Bright Storm Projects 
    39. Brilliant Affairs (PTY) Ltd 
    40. Bull's Business and Skills Training Institute 
    41. Business Circle Consultation 
    42. C Madumo Projects Cc 
    43. CEDROS DEVELOPMENT AND PROJECTS 
    44. Central Bridge Trading 109 
    45. Central Institute of Professional Studies and Services 
    46. Central Johannesburg Public FET College - Alexandra Campus 
    47. Chuene Bosa Bosele Trading & Enterprise (Pty) Ltd. 
    48. Classic Human Capital Solutions 
    49. Continuing Education Programme 
    50. Cradle Stars Trading Enterprise 
    51. D T M Consulting Cc 
    52. Daily Double Traiding 281 
    53. Danearl (Pty) Ltd 
    54. Development Bank Of Southern Africa (Dbsa) 
    55. Dialnx Consultants 
    56. Ditirelo Skills Development Services 
    57. Ditlou Solutions 
    58. DotCentre Business Consulting 
    59. Dru-A Professional Training Consultancy 
    60. Eastern Rose Enterprise 
    61. Edtisa Education And Development Training Institute Of South Africa 
    62. Edutel Public Service Company 
    63. Edutraining Business College 
    64. Elangeni Consulting 
    65. Elangeni Consulting (PTY) LTD 
    66. Elective Training Institute Enterprise Cc 
    67. Empilweni Management Solutions cc 
    68. Esehlula Bashuki 
    69. Ethembeni Multi Service Enterprise (Pty) Ltd 
    70. Express Model 405 
    71. Eyamintokozo 
    72. Faith First Trading 
    73. Falcon Business Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    74. Faranang Marketing 
    75. Finito Training And Consultancy 
    76. Frugatrax Consultants 
    77. FUTURE DISCOVERY TRAINING ACADEMY 
    78. Giamanje Tvet College 
    79. Giggs Creations 
    80. Glentech Innovative Design Concepts 
    81. Glere Skills And Consultants 
    82. Global Care Trading 100 CC 
    83. Gns Training Consultants 
    84. Gotsec Skills Training 
    85. Green Horizon Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    86. Groen Mintirho (Pty)Ltd 
    87. Gudlhuza Development Solutions Cc 
    88. Hadima Training Academy 
    89. Hanyeleni Business Enterprise 
    90. Hercuscope 
    91. Hlombe And Associates 
    92. Htb Consulting 
    93. Ibambeni Consulting Management 
    94. Igkm Management Services (Pty) Ltd 
    95. Iklwa Contractors 
    96. Ikwanda International Trading (Pty) Ltd 
    97. Iliso Investment holdings (Pty) Ltd 
    98. Ilitha Lelizwe Consulting 
    99. Inafrica General Trading Pty Ltd 
    100. Inkazimulo Trading 
    101. Inkcubeko Yakwantu Trading 
    102. Innercity Training Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    103. Innova8 Solutions 
    104. Institute For Local Government And Housing 
    105. Institute Of Cooperatives And Community Economic Development 
    106. Intermasiko Cc 
    107. Inzalo Enterprise Management Systems (Pty) Ltd 
    108. Isago Communications And Consulting 
    109. Ito Focus Reagile 
    110. Iziko Capacity Building Cc. 
    111. Jabukile Consultancy 
    112. Jeppe College of Commerce and Computer Studies 
    113. Jit Projects 
    114. Jknb Business Works Cc 
    115. Jobafrik Consulting 
    116. Josmap Training Institute 
    117. Jucamo Shelf 4 Cc. 
    118. Kagiso Trust - Training 
    119. KALIDEEN MANAGEMENT SERVICES 
    120. Katlehong Corporate Group 
    121. Kellery Projects 
    122. Kernel Management And Consulting (Pty) Ltd. 
    123. Keydimensions Risk Solutions 
    124. KG Business Development 
    125. Kgotla Trading Enterprise 
    126. Khatheo Trading And Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    127. KHOSITHI TRAINING 
    128. Khula Nonke Training & Development 
    129. Khumo Project Management Services 
    130. Kia Chuma 
    131. Kmmqs 
    132. Kph Enterprises 
    133. Kpk Training Solutions 
    134. Kwindla Institute of Learning and Consulting 
    135. KZN Tourism Training 
    136. KZN Tourism Training Centre 
    137. LE SIGO 
    138. LEGAL EAGLES ACADEMY 
    139. Lelethu Training (Pty) Ltd 
    140. LEMARK TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT 
    141. Leronsa Trading Enterprise 
    142. Lesias Educational Services 
    143. Letlhokoa Management Services Cc 
    144. Letsete Behub 
    145. Letzaa Group 
    146. Lewerb Holdings (Pty) Ltd 
    147. Life Long Abet Consulting 
    148. Lilihle Trading And Projects 
    149. Lilithalethu Holdings 
    150. Limpopo Led Resource Centre 
    151. Livhus Consulting Service 
    152. Local Government Management Academy 
    153. Londimvelo Consultants 
    154. Lumiere Holdings 
    155. Lunga 99 Trading Enterprise 
    156. Lwazi Community Facilitator 
    157. M.I.C. Training And Development 
    158. Mabuya Amahle Trading 
    159. Madingoane And Family Construction 
    160. Mafusega Projects 
    161. Magongo Investments 
    162. Magumzane Traiding Cc 
    163. Mahayi Hrd Services Cc 
    164. Maikarabelo Business Enterprise 
    165. Makaota Training Consultants 
    166. Makhophila Training 
    167. Makhuba Development Projects CC 
    168. Makhutsisa Business Training Centre 
    169. Makoti Skills Development Solutions 
    170. Makwenzeke Grass And Cleaners Cc. 
    171. Malizana Projects CC 
    172. Mamuhle Academy 
    173. Mancosa (PTY) LTD T/A Management College of Southern Africa 
    174. MANCOSA Pty (Ltd) 
    175. MASEBAPALE RESOURCES 
    176. MASM Trading Enterprise (Pty) Ltd 
    177. MASS COMUTER TRAINING AND PRINTERS 
    178. Mathaveiya Skills Enhancement 
    179. Mathye And Ditlou Dynasty Corporate 
    180. Matsila Holdings 
    181. MAXIMUM DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE 
    182. Mc Intosh Xaba And Associates (Mxa) 
    183. Mc Tee Holdings 
    184. Meyiswa Training Academy 
    185. Mgwezane Training And Events Management Cc. 
    186. Miczo'S Enterprise 
    187. Mikhenso 
    188. Mimoisa Business Solutions Cc 
    189. Mimshack Royal Heritage 
    190. Misol Construction 
    191. Mj Mafunisa Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    192. MKHAYA SOLUTIONS GROUP 
    193. Mmanape Private Technical College Pty Ltd 
    194. Mml Consulting Cc. 
    195. Mod-Mosh Projects And Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    196. Mohlaje Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    197. Mokgwadiba Electrical Services Pty Ltd 
    198. Morena Empire Investment 
    199. Mortarboard Training Solutions 
    200. Mosadikago Trading (Pty) Ltd 
    201. Mosako Wa Kitso 
    202. Motheo FET College 
    203. Mothusi Management Consultants 
    204. Mpeza Training And Development Specialist 
    205. Mthashana FET College - Nongoma Campus 
    206. Muhangwene Development Enterprise 
    207. Multi-Skills Training & Development Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    208. Multiple Productive Management Solutions 
    209. Myeza Trading Enterprise 
    210. National Peace Accord Trust 
    211. Ndashe And Associates 
    212. Ndrendre Building & General Services 
    213. Nebsa Management Services Cc 
    214. Nedtex 61 Cc 
    215. Nedtex73 
    216. Nemalale Eagles Consultancy Cc 
    217. Neopeo Trading & Projects 
    218. Networx for Career Development 
    219. Nj & L Trading Enterprise Cc. 
    220. Nkarise Training and Consulting Services 
    221. Nomagwanishe Investments cc 
    222. Nonunu Projects 
    223. Northern Cape Rural Public FET College - De Aar Campus 
    224. Northlink College - Wingfield Campus 
    225. Ns Global Academy 
    226. Omithombo Management Academy 
    227. Outeniqua Leadership Institute 
    228. Pachedu Skills Solutions 
    229. Pandelani Investment Holdings (Pty) Ltd. 
    230. Pathways Institute 
    231. PAUL ALLEN DEVELOPMENT PTY LTD 
    232. Pebetse Training And Consulting 
    233. Peuneo Training (Pty) Ltd 
    234. Pfim Trading (Pty) Ltd 
    235. Phatsimo Technologies 
    236. Philani Solutions 
    237. Phoebelle (Pty) Ltd 
    238. Pioneer Business Consulting 
    239. PLATINUM ELECTRICAL(PTY) LTD 
    240. Pm Skills House 
    241. Pma Holdings (Pty ) Ltd. 
    242. Power Rush Trading 170 Cc. 
    243. Powergate Trading 1040 
    244. Powernexus 
    245. Prestige Leaders Consulting (Pty) Ltd 
    246. Primeserv Corporate Solutions (Pty) Ltd 
    247. Princetop Corporative Training (Pty) Ltd 
    248. Progressive School Of Business And Engineering (Pty) 
    249. Ptdev (Pty) Ltd 
    250. Pulakgadi Training Consulting Cc 
    251. Qeto Business Consulting 
    252. Rasinkhu Investments 
    253. Ratomac Trading Consultants (Pty) Ltd 
    254. Red Carpet Marketing Management Solutions 
    255. Reflections Development Institute 
    256. Regent Business School (Pty) Ltd t/a Regent Business School 
    257. Resonance Institue of Learning 
    258. Rme Projects 
    259. Sabela Trading And Projects Cc. 
    260. Salt Lake Residence Action Group (Sarag) 
    261. Samukela Injabulo 
    262. Sebenzisanane Human Capital 
    263. Sebobatho Project Management 
    264. Senelo Trading Cc 
    265. Shandu Technical Services 
    266. Shemeshe Tm 
    267. Shirs Vision Compleadev (Pty) Ltd 
    268. Silalele Skills Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    269. Sisezwa Business Enterprise 
    270. Sisodwa Investment Enterprise 
    271. Siyakhula Trust Etd Institute Pty Ltd 
    272. Siza Nesu Training And Consultants 
    273. Skillus Training 
    274. Smartkip 
    275. Social Capital Group 
    276. Sogwa Business Enterprise 
    277. Solstice Networks Cc. 
    278. Sonani Skills 
    279. Soni Investment 
    280. South African Institute of Learning (SAIL) 
    281. South African Abet Development Agency Saada 
    282. South African Corporate Training Association 
    283. South African Governance And Business College 
    284. South West Gauteng TVET College 
    285. Spectrium 
    286. Stankay Trading Enterprise 
    287. Step Ahead Academy (Pty) Ltd 
    288. Striving Mind Trading 289 
    289. Swaranang Management Consulting Cc 
    290. T Mabuya & Associates CC 
    291. Taalnet & It Consultation Cc 
    292. Tachfin Holdings 
    293. Talent Centre Training 
    294. Talent Emporium Academy (PTY) Ltd 
    295. Tasc Business Consulting And Training 
    296. Tau And Tau Training Enterprises Pty Ltd 
    297. Tavo Investment 
    298. Tcns Resources (Pty) Ltd 
    299. Technogirl Trust 
    300. Tee Zet Group 
    301. Tgh Traders 
    302. Thabelanang Trading Enterprise 
    303. The Chosen Consulting Services 
    304. The Crimson Co Cc. 
    305. THE GMC GROUP PTY LTD 
    306. Thepa Trading 511 
    307. Thinking Mind Trading 
    308. Thobologo Training And Education Group 
    309. Thubelihle Graduate Institute 
    310. Thuto-Boswa Education And Training Solution 
    311. TIESPRO (Pty) Ltd 
    312. Tlaletso Consultants 
    313. Tlotlangthuto Training & Consulting 
    314. Tloumogale Business Development & Consulting 
    315. Tmp Training And Development 
    316. Tonex Management Solutions 
    317. TPLR and Training Services (PTY) LTD 
    318. Trade Avail 172 Cc. 
    319. Tradesman Consulting And Training Solutions 
    320. Trainers without Borders 
    321. Training At Work (Pty) Ltd 
    322. Transafric Consulting Pty Ltd 
    323. Tru-ThoughtsTrading and Projects 
    324. Tshamutengu General Trading Cc. 
    325. Tshelopele Development Institution 
    326. Tshwane Training Institute (Pty) Ltd. 
    327. TSK Projects(PTY)LTD 
    328. Tswelopele Rural Development Network 
    329. TTTC 
    330. Tummo Development Enterprise 
    331. Twin Peak Technologies 
    332. TWS Business Development Solutions 
    333. Tytons (Pty) Ltd 
    334. Ukwakhile Projects (PTY) Ltd 
    335. Umfolozi FET College 
    336. Umlando Projects Pty Ltd 
    337. Umqondo Business College 
    338. Umsenge Sdcs 
    339. University Of Business Excellence(Pty)Ltd 
    340. University Of Intellectual Excellence (Pty)Ltd 
    341. University of Venda 
    342. Vantage Training 
    343. Vicmat Consultants 
    344. Victorompie Enterprises Cc. 
    345. VSL General Trading 
    346. Vumilia Africa Group 
    347. Vuselela FET College - Klerksdorp Campus 
    348. VUWA PROJECTS 
    349. Vuyelwa Sl Trading And Projects (Pty) Ltd 
    350. Wag Consulting 
    351. Waoesi 
    352. WEINVEST INVESTMENT CC 
    353. WHITE RIVER TECHNICAL COLLEGE 
    354. World Pace Development And Training Institute 
    355. Xharo Skills Transfer Pty (Ltd) 
    356. Ya Hina Management Consulting And Projects 
    357. Zamsiba Development Consultants 
    358. Zerben Management Solutions 
    359. Zmg Consulting 
    360. Zwelixoliletrading Enterprise 


    All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.