SAQA All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY 
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: 

Identify, handle and defuse security related conflict 
SAQA US ID UNIT STANDARD TITLE
11505  Identify, handle and defuse security related conflict 
ORIGINATOR
SGB Security 
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY
-  
FIELD SUBFIELD
Field 08 - Law, Military Science and Security Safety in Society 
ABET BAND UNIT STANDARD TYPE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL CREDITS
Undefined  Regular  Level 4  NQF Level 04  12 
REGISTRATION STATUS REGISTRATION START DATE REGISTRATION END DATE SAQA DECISION NUMBER
Passed the End Date -
Status was "Reregistered" 		 2018-07-01  2023-06-30  SAQA 06120/18 
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT
2024-06-30   2027-06-30  

In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise.  

This unit standard does not replace any other unit standard and is not replaced by any other unit standard. 

PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD 
This unit standard is for personnel to identify, handle and defuse security related conflict between members of the public and security personnel with minimum use of force in the workplace.

Benefit for society of this unit standard is that the person who completes this will contribute to safety in society.

A person credited with this unit standard will be able to:
  • Identify conflict situations.
  • Handle and defuse conflict situation.
  • Provide feedback on conflict situation. 
    		•

    LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 
    The following knowledge, skills, attitude and/or equivalent:
  • A knowledge, comprehension and application of language and mathematics NQF 03 
    		•

    UNIT STANDARD RANGE 
    This unit standard applies to persons who competently identify, handle and defuse security related conflict between members of the public and security personnel with minimum use of force in the workplace. 

    Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 
    Identify conflict situations. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    1. Conflict situation is prioritised. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    2. Conflict assessment and techniques are used to establish possible solutions. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    3. Conflict situations and/or persons reported to the appropriate personnel according to workplace instructions. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 
    Handle and defuse conflict situation. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    1. Person(s) involved are dealt with in a manner appropriate to the situation and according to workplace procedures. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    2. Appropriate assistance is sought. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    3. Minimum force options, inclusive of verbal and physical, are considered in resolving conflict. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    4. Interaction is terminated tactfully when the situation is defused. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 
    Provide feedback on conflict situation. 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    Work procedures must include:
  • Rules, regulations and procedures

    Conflict situations must include:
  • Difficult people.
  • Intoxicated
  • Drugs/alcohol
  • Aggressive
  • Enraged.

    Handle and defuse must include:
  • Ejection of people from premises
  • Physical restraint.
  • Verbal persuasion.

    Relevant role players must include:
  • Management
  • Client
  • Security personnel
  • Emergency services
  • Official & statutory Institutions personnel. 
    		•

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    1. Written report on incident is completed in accordance with workplace procedures. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    2. Report is submitted to relevant role players. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    3. Follow up to ensure conflict is defused according to workplace procedures. 


    UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS 
    1. Anyone assessing a learner against this unit standard must be registered as an assessor with the POSLEC SETA ETQA/and any other body with whom a MOU was entered into.
    2. Any institution offering learning that will enable achievement of this unit standard must be accredited as a provider through the POSLEC SETA ETQA/and any other body with whom a MOU was entered into by SAQA.
    3. Moderation of assessment will be overseen by the POSLEC SETA ETQA/and any other body with whom a MOU was entered into according to the moderation guidelines in the relevant qualification and the POSLEC SETA ETQA/and any other body with whom a MOU was entered into, procedures. 

    UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE 
    Refer to the Specific Outcomes and the Assessment Criteria contained in this unit standard and specifically:
  • A comprehensive understanding of communication and body language skills.
  • A comprehensive understanding of relevant legislation.
  • A comprehensive understanding of verbal and written reports.
  • A comprehensive understanding of client/public relations 
    		•


    Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING 
    Identify and solve problems related to security conflict situations. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO ORGANISING 
    Organise oneself and one`s activities so that interaction is terminated tactfully when the situation is defused. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING 
    Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information related to the conflict situation in order to determine the most appropriate manner of dealing with the situation. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING 
    Communicate effectively when dealing with relevant role players. 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO DEMONSTRATING 
    Understand the world as a set of related systems in that clear and precise feedback on a situation is obtained from all relevant role players. 

    REREGISTRATION HISTORY 
    As per the SAQA Board decision/s at that time, this unit standard was Reregistered in 2012; 2015. 

    UNIT STANDARD NOTES 
    Supplementary Information:

    Specified Requirements

    Specified requirements include legal and legislative specific requirements and are
    Legal
  • Applicable sections of the Firearms Control Act 60/2000.
  • Applicable sections of the Criminal Procedures Act, 1977.
  • Applicable sections of the Regulation of Gatherings Act, 1993.
  • Applicable sections of the Domestic Violence Act, 1993.
  • Applicable sections of the Child Protection Act, 1993.
  • Applicable sections of the Dangerous Weapons Act.
  • Private defence
  • Moral & humanitarian considerations (proportionality)
  • Continuum of force.
  • Vicarious liability
  • Civil liability

    Context Specific
  • Training provider user manuals
  • Specifications, agreements, policies and procedures

    Resources required for Assessment:
  • Safety equipment and protective uniform/clothes
  • Communications equipment.
  • Necessary administrative and stationary issue.
  • Criterion referenced assessment instructions/tools.
  • A suitable venue: workplace and classroom. 
    		•

    QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
      ID QUALIFICATION TITLE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL STATUS END DATE PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY
    Core  58577   National Certificate: General Security Practices  Level 3  NQF Level 03  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  SAS SETA 
    Core  64389   Further Education and Training Certificate: Corrections Services  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  SAS SETA 
    Core  57713   Further Education and Training Certificate: Specialist Security Practices  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  SAS SETA 
    Core  22491   Further Education and Training Certificate: Specialist Security Practices  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2006-11-16  SAS SETA 
    Elective  22490   National Certificate: General Security Practices  Level 3  NQF Level 03  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2007-11-28  Was SAS SETA until Last Date for Achievement 
    Elective  61609   Further Education and Training Certificate: Volunteer Support  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered"     		 2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 
    Elective  22110   National Certificate: Electronic Security Practices  Level 4  NQF Level 04  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Registered"     		 2007-08-16  Was SAS SETA until Last Date for Achievement 


    PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
    This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here.
     
    1. 24/7 Security Services 
    2. 303 Security and Cleaning Services Pty Ltd 
    3. ADT SECURITY SERVICES PTY LTD 
    4. ADT SECURITY SERVICES PTY LTD CAPE TOWN 
    5. AIM TRAINING ACADEMY 
    6. AIM TRAINING ACADEMY - BUNDU 
    7. AIM TRAINING ACADEMY CAMP SKUKUZA 
    8. AIM TRAINING ACADEMY PHALABORWA 
    9. Airports Company South Africa SOC Ltd Braamfischer International Airport 
    10. Airports Company South Africa SOC Ltd Cape Town International Airport 
    11. Airports Company South Africa SOC Ltd East London 
    12. Airports Company South Africa SOC Ltd George 
    13. Airports Company South Africa SOC Ltd Kimberley Airport 
    14. Airports Company South Africa SOC Ltd King Shaka International Airport 
    15. Airports Company South Africa SOC Ltd OR Tambo International Airport 
    16. Airports Company South Africa SOC Ltd Upington 
    17. Airports Company South Africa SOC Ltd Walmer 
    18. AKAF BODYGUARDS 
    19. Alpha K9 Solutions Pty Ltd 
    20. ALUTE SA PTY LTD 
    21. Aqua Training Centre Pty Ltd 
    22. Arctic Fox Security 
    23. ATLEGANG CONSULTING CC 
    24. AVK9 Pty Ltd 
    25. B and K Security Services 
    26. Bahale Monakedi Trading & projects pty Ltd 
    27. Bamogale Enterprise 
    28. BHAKI TRADING AND SUPPLIER CC 
    29. Bidvest Protea Coin Bellville 
    30. Bidvest Protea Coin Durban 
    31. Bidvest Protea Coin Port Elizabeth 
    32. Bidvest Protea Coin Rustenburg 
    33. BITLINE SA 368 CC 
    34. BKL Group Pty Ltd 
    35. Black Flesh Security Services 
    36. BLACKEN SECURITY SERVICES 
    37. Blackpearl Solutions 
    38. BRAINWAVE PROJECTS 1928 
    39. BRIGHTSTAR SECURITY SERVICE AND CLEANING CC 
    40. BRM Management Solutions Pty Ltd 
    41. Buyisa Security Services 
    42. BYL Security Group Pty Ltd 
    43. BZN SAFETY AND SECURITY ACADEMY PTY LTD 
    44. Calaska Trading 189 
    45. CAPE CANINE SERVICES 
    46. CB Security Pty Ltd 
    47. CC Protection and Investigation Services Kimberley 
    48. Chairman Projects ans Security Services 
    49. Chithi Holdings 
    50. Chithi Holdings Johannesburg 
    51. Chithi Holdings Kroonstrad 
    52. Chithi Holdings Polokwane 
    53. Chithi Holdings Secunda 
    54. Chithi Holdings Witbank 
    55. CKN Securiy Services 
    56. COLLINS SEBOLA FINANCIAL SERVICES (PTY) 
    57. Combined Private Investigations Pty Ltd 
    58. D & K MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS 
    59. DENVINLEE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT CC 
    60. DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONAL SERVICES WATERVAL 
    61. Dephethogo Trading 
    62. DHW SECURITY AND TRAINING SERVICES 
    63. DOGS AND ALL 
    64. DOUBLE OPTION TRADING 120 (PTY) LTD AND SECURITY TRAINING CENTRE 
    65. DTZ holdings 
    66. DWANDZANI PROJECTS CC 
    67. E E L PROTECTION SERVICES 
    68. E FOCUS ENTERPRISE (PTY) LTD 
    69. Eastern Guard Security 
    70. EEL PROTECTION SERVICES THEMBALUVHILO 
    71. EKHURHULENI SHOOTING AND TRAINING ACADEMY 
    72. Emahle training academy Pty Ltd 
    73. ENGIE SECURITY SERVICES TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE PTY LTD 
    74. ENPOWER TRAINING SERVICES PTY LTD 
    75. Esprior General Trading 
    76. EYABANTU BUSINESS & SKILLS DEVELOPMENT T/A EYABANTU SAFETY AND SECURITY ACADEMY DURBAN 
    77. FAKUDE FAMILY SECURITY CC 
    78. FIDELITY SECURITY CORPORATE SERVICES CAPE TOWN 
    79. Fidelity Security Services 
    80. FIDELITY SECURITY SERVICES DURBAN 
    81. FIDELITY SECURITY SERVICES PORT ELIZABETH 
    82. Focus Africa Advisory 
    83. FORUM SEKURITEIT 
    84. Gceba Security Services and Projects 
    85. GENESIS K9 GROUP (PTY) LTD 
    86. George B Security Seervices 
    87. Getsmarter 
    88. GIJA SECURITY AND PROJECTS PTY LTD 
    89. Gladnhlam Printing and Projects Pty Ltd 
    90. GLOBAL SAFESKYZ 
    91. Gogontle Security and Maintanacy Services 
    92. Grafton Street Trading and Projects 
    93. GUNDO SECURITY & SUPPLY CC 
    94. Gundo Security and Supply LebowaKgomo 
    95. gunpoint Tactical Investigators Pty Ltd 
    96. Hadassah Security Consultants Cc 
    97. Hafha Security and Training 
    98. HAZOEMA TRADING ENTREPRISE CC 
    99. HJ Brummer Consultants 
    100. HJN POLOKWANE BRANCH PTY LTD 
    101. HJN PROTORIA BRANCH 02 
    102. HLAESEKANI SECURITY SERVICES 
    103. Horizon Risk Management 
    104. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE PRETORIA 
    105. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE: NORTH RAND 
    106. ICON SECURITY SERVICES GROUP (PTY) LTD 
    107. IJABA INTERGRATED SECURITY SERVICES (PTY) LTD 
    108. Ijaba Security Services 
    109. Ikhwezi Training Institute (Pty) Ltd 
    110. Impolompolo Protection and Training Services 
    111. Impumelelo Mega Services 
    112. IMVULA SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ACADEM Y 9PTY) LTD -DRBAN BRANCH 
    113. IMVULA SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY 
    114. IMVULA SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY (PTY) LTD CAPE TOWN BRANCH 
    115. INFANTRY SCHOOL 
    116. Inkwe Sekuriteit Bk 
    117. INSTITUTE FOR PERSONAL CLOSE PROTECTION 
    118. INTEGRATED SECURITY AND MANGEMENT SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD 
    119. IPELENG RISK MANAGEMENT SERVICES PTY LTD 
    120. IPID Investigation 
    121. ISASA SECURITY TRAINING CC 
    122. ITO FOCUS PHOLE 
    123. JC Safety and Security Pty Ltd 
    124. K9 DTC Security Services Pty Ltd 
    125. K9 REVELATION SERVICES 
    126. KALLVEST (PTY) LTD 
    127. Ke Nna Malobise Security and Projects 
    128. Khinzela Forensics and Investigatoins 
    129. Khulekani Quality Assessment 
    130. Klein Tafelberg Training and Adventure Centre Pty Ltd 
    131. KNO SECURITY AND SUPPLY SERVICES (PTY) LTD 
    132. Kwamandla Protection 
    133. L AND L TRAINING 
    134. Le Duke Cleaning and Security Co. 
    135. Legacy ATKV SAKE (PTY) LTD 
    136. Lesedi Security And Training Servic Es 
    137. LIFESHIELD HOME SECURITY AND PROJECTS PTY LTD 
    138. Likunga Protection and Security Services Pty Ltd 
    139. MABUSETSA ENTERPRISES (PTY) LTD 
    140. MAGNUM SHOOTING ACADEMY 
    141. Makgwati Trading and Projects 
    142. Malebepe Investment Holdings 
    143. Mamba Training Academy Pty Ltd 
    144. Manganda Security 
    145. Mankwali Security Services 
    146. Mapasa Security Security Services Pty Ltd 
    147. Maphotho Security Training and Guarding Division 
    148. MAS SAFE SECURITY CC 
    149. Mashushe ETDP Trading and Projects 
    150. Mason Consultancy Pty Ltd 
    151. MASUTHA TRAINING AND SECURITY SERVICES 
    152. MATIMBA SAFETY AND SECURITY (PTY) LTD 
    153. Maxi Phumelela Security Pty Ltd 
    154. Metrorail Durban 
    155. Mezuzah Security Services Pty Ltd 
    156. Mgwambani Security & Projects Pty Ltd 
    157. MIDI GENERAL TRADING PTY LTD 
    158. MIDRAND TRAINING ACADEMY PTY LTD 
    159. MILITES DEI SECURITY SERVICES (PTY) LTD 
    160. MJAYELI SECURITY (PTY) LTD 
    161. MKHAYA SOLUTIONS GROUP 
    162. Mkhondo Melusi Holdings 
    163. MLP Business and Skills Development 
    164. Mmabatho U pulusha Pty Ltd 
    165. MMASEBKO TRAINING SECURITY CENTRE 
    166. Molale Security Services 
    167. MOLWANTWA TRADING CONSTRUCTION 
    168. Monitor-Net Pty Ltd 
    169. Mtomntwana Roadmarking Pty Ltd 
    170. Mufaromasana Trading Enterprise Pty Ltd 
    171. Mupo Projex Pty Ltd 
    172. MUSTEK UNLIMITED 
    173. MUTENDA SECURITY SERVICES CC 
    174. Mvikeli Production Services 
    175. Nanikie Security Guard 
    176. National Security and fire Pty Ltd 
    177. NETWORK FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT 
    178. Nexum College and Trading 
    179. NNT Training Centre Pty Ltd 
    180. Noctuam Training Academy 
    181. Noko Projects Pty Ltd 
    182. NPR Security Pty Ltd 
    183. NS 64 BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 
    184. Nsirhelelo Security Services Pty Ltd 
    185. Nu Law Firearm Compliance Pty Ltd Bellville 
    186. NU LAW FIREARMS COMPLIANCE 
    187. Nyamatane Investments Pty Ltd 
    188. Octaves Group 
    189. OMEGA RISK SOLUTIONS 
    190. Omega Risk Solutions Cape Town 
    191. Omega Risk Solutions Hatfield 
    192. Omega Risk Solutions Mpumalanga 
    193. One Stop Security Pty Ltd 
    194. Orapeleng Training Security and Protection Pty Ltd 
    195. Orbis Security Solutions Pty Ltd 
    196. PASE ADVANCED TRAINING CONCEPT PTY LTD 
    197. Pioneer Business Consulting 
    198. Prime African Security 
    199. PRO SECURE PTY LTD 
    200. PROTEA COIN GROUP (ASSETS IN TRANSIT AND ARMED REACTION) 
    201. PRSS Guarding Services 
    202. Quiver Security Services Cc 
    203. RAMAZWI SECURITY SERVICES CC 
    204. RATAPHELA ADVENTURES CC 
    205. Red Ant Security Relocation and Eviction Services Pty Ltd 
    206. Redefined Skills Training & Development (Pty) Ltd 
    207. REFUEO Pty Ltd 
    208. Refueo Rustenburg 
    209. Reliable Guards Security and Cleaning 
    210. RISENGASECURITY TRAINING SERVICES 
    211. Risk Management Group 
    212. ROMULA BUSINESS ENTERPRISES T/A SIYAFUNDA SECURITY ACADEMY 
    213. SA Crime Patrols Durban North 
    214. SAAF PROTECTION SERVICE TRAINING WING 
    215. SAHARA EDUCATION. TRAINING. DEVELOPMENT 
    216. SAHO INVESTMENT CC 
    217. SDC Security and Safety Pty Ltd 
    218. SECURITAS SPECIALIZED SERVICES PTY LTD 
    219. SECUTRAIN 
    220. Shalom 360 Holdings 
    221. SHAMARIAH SECURITY AND TRAINING 
    222. SILWAYIPHI CLEANING SECURITY SERVICES 
    223. SIPHEFU BUSINESS SOLUTIONS (PTY) LTD 
    224. SIPHOCOPS SECURITY 111 KERK STREET MEUBEL SENTRUM JHB 
    225. Sisonke 21 Trading and Projects Pty Ltd 
    226. SIVA SECURITY SERVICES 
    227. Siyanivikela Security Services Nelspruit 
    228. Sleeve Rolles Ready to Work Pty Ltd 
    229. Solutionsupply Pty Ltd 
    230. SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE SERVICE BASIC TRAINING PROVISION 
    231. SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE SERVICE BASIC TRAINING PROVISION INSTITUTION OUDS 
    232. SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE SERVICE TRAINING INSTITUTION BISHOP LAVIS 
    233. SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE SERVICE TRAINING INSTITUTION MTHATHA 
    234. ST Ali Business Training College Pty Ltd 
    235. Staff Management Services 
    236. STALLION LEARNING CENTRE PTY LTD 
    237. SVA Training 
    238. TACKLE HOF TRADING 
    239. TASA RISK MANAGEMENT 
    240. TELLUMAT 
    241. THBO Trading and Projects 
    242. THEMBANATHI SECURITY SAFETY AND CLEANING SERVICES 
    243. Thikhedzo Security and Protection Services 
    244. THINGA SECURITY TRAINING SERVICES CC 
    245. THLAPI SECURITY AND PROJECTS (PTY) LTD 
    246. THOPAS SECURITY SERVICES 
    247. THORBURN SECURITY SOLUTIONS MIDRAND 
    248. Thudima Trading 
    249. TMC Consulting and Projects Pty Ltd 
    250. TNV Trading 
    251. Total Recall Security and Investigation 
    252. Tradegold Trading and Projects 
    253. Tsaroga Phoka Security and General Trade 
    254. TSHAKHWILO TRADING ENTERPRISE 
    255. TSU PROTECTION SERVICES 
    256. TUMAHOLE AVIATION SECURITY AND PROJECTS PTY LTD 
    257. TYEKS SECURITY SERVICES 
    258. TZANEEN TRAINING CENTRE LIMPOPO 
    259. UNLOCK INNOVATIONS (PTY) LTD 
    260. VALLEY TRAINING ACADEMY 
    261. Vanguard Intergrated Services 
    262. Vision DCI 
    263. VITAL SKILLS CC 
    264. VS AFRICA SECURITY TRAINING AND GUARD 
    265. VSS AND TRAINING TRADING AS VALLIENT SECURITY SERVICES 
    266. VUSA - ISIZWE SECURITY (PTY) LTD BENONI 
    267. VUSA ISIZWE SECURITY SERVICES (PTY) LTD 
    268. Vuza Security and Projects 
    269. WILLSHIR TRADING 
    270. WISE GUY ACADEMY (PTY) LTD 
    271. Wolf Guarding Solutions Pty Ltd 
    272. Xhobani Security Services Cc 
    273. ZEVOLI 9 PTY LTD 


    All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.