SAQA All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY 
REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD THAT HAS PASSED THE END DATE: 

Provide information and advice regarding skills development and related issues 
SAQA US ID UNIT STANDARD TITLE
15221  Provide information and advice regarding skills development and related issues 
ORIGINATOR
SGB Human Resource Management and Practices 
PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QUALITY ASSURANCE FUNCTIONARY
-  
FIELD SUBFIELD
Field 03 - Business, Commerce and Management Studies Human Resources 
ABET BAND UNIT STANDARD TYPE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL CREDITS
Undefined  Regular  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5 
REGISTRATION STATUS REGISTRATION START DATE REGISTRATION END DATE SAQA DECISION NUMBER
Passed the End Date -
Status was "Reregistered" 
2018-07-01  2023-06-30  SAQA 06120/18 
LAST DATE FOR ENROLMENT LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT
2026-06-30   2029-06-30  

In all of the tables in this document, both the pre-2009 NQF Level and the NQF Level is shown. In the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any references to NQF Levels are to the pre-2009 levels unless specifically stated otherwise.  

This unit standard replaces: 
US ID Unit Standard Title Pre-2009 NQF Level NQF Level Credits Replacement Status
9947  Implement workplace skills plan(s)  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  20   

PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD 
This Unit Standard is for people who are involved in some capacity in human resource development. This Unit Standard will be of particular application for those involved in skills development facilitation.

People credited with this Unit Standard are able to
  • provide information related to skills development, including relevant legislation, learning and assessment,
  • advise an organisation concerning the alignment of skills development practices to the information provided; and
  • advise on the promotion of skills development. 

  • LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING 
    Learners should be competent in communication at NQF Level 4. 

    UNIT STANDARD RANGE 
    The Information and advice could be given to a range of people including learners, employees, providers, employers, educators, trainers and careers counsellors. Further range statements have been included throughout the Unit Standard as needed.

    For the purposes of assessment against this Unit Standard, candidates may demonstrate the ability to apply the specific outcomes for a small to medium organisation. 

    Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria: 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1 
    Provide information and advice on legislation related to skills development. 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    Purpose of and relationships between the various Acts (South African Qualifications Authority Act (No 58 of 1995), Skills Development Act (Act (No. 97 of 1998), Skills Development Levies Act (No. 9 of 1999),
    Structures (National Skills Authority, Sector Education and Training Authorities, Education and Training Quality Assurance Bodies, Skills Development Planning Unit, Employment Services) Mechanisms (Learnerships, Skills Programmes, Employment Services) Financing (Levies, grants, subsidies, National Skills Fund). 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    1. Legislation relative to skills development is identified and outlined in terms of purposes and key elements. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Descriptions of the purposes of the legislation are consistent with the relevant Acts. The purposes are explained in the light of the prevailing context and historical development practices in South Africa.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    2. Explanations are provided concerning the benefits, challenges and responsibilities of the legislation for organisations, providers and individuals. Common misconceptions and misgivings are identified and clarified. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    3. Descriptions of the mechanisms for the implementation of the legislation are consistent with the Acts. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    4. Structures are described in terms of their composition, function and relationships in line with current published definitions. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    5. The processes and requirements for participation in the structures are described in line with current published definitions. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 6 
    6. Information and advice is provided in a way that aligns the objectives of the legislation with the strategic objectives of the organisation. Consideration is taken of the various workplace pressures that may be encountered. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2 
    Provide information and advice concerning learning and assessment. 
    OUTCOME RANGE 
    Informal and formal mechanisms and sources for learning and assessment.
    To include information on learnerships and skills programmes in general as those relevant to individuals and organisations. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    1. Information and advice is relevant to the established needs of the party concerned. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    2. The information is sufficiently detailed to allow parties to make informed decisions concerning learning pathways and sources and mechanisms for learning and assessment. 

    SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3 
    Provide advice to an organisation concerning the promotion of skills development. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1 
    1. Barriers to the implementation of skills development plans are identified and advice provided contributes to the removal of such barriers. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 2 
    2. Advice contributes to the development of effective advocacy campaigns to sensitise people and organisations to the concept, context, purpose, mechanisms and structures related to skills development. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 3 
    3. Advice is given in a manner that is sensitive to various target groups. 

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 4 
    4. Skills development activities are monitored and trends are evaluated resulting in sensible advice concerning the improvement of skills development. 
    ASSESSMENT CRITERION RANGE 
    Trends related to successes and failures.
     

    ASSESSMENT CRITERION 5 
    5. Advice is given in a manner that helps to remove the emotional, educational, cultural and economic factors that constitute barriers to effective skills development. 


    UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS 
    1. Anyone assessing a learner against this Unit Standard must be registered as an assessor with therelevant Education and Training Quality Assurance Body (ETQA).

    2. Any institution offering learning that will enable achievement of this Unit Standard or will assess this Unit Standard must be accredited as a provider with the relevant ETQA.

    3. Moderation of assessment will be overseen by the accredited ETQA according to the moderation guidelines in the relevant qualification and the agreed relevant ETQA procedures.

    4. Therefore, anyone wishing to be assessed against this Unit Standard may apply to be assessed by any assessment agency, assessor or provider institution that is accredited by the relevant ETQA. 

    UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE 
    The entire Unit Standard addresses issues of knowledge relative to the skills development system - thus all the outcomes and criteria define the knowledge explicitly. Particular aspects embedded are:
  • Legislation and regulations pertaining to the skills development acts and the NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK
  • Organisational mission, vision, goals, strategies and implementation plans 

  • UNIT STANDARD DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME 
    N/A 

    UNIT STANDARD LINKAGES 
    N/A 


    Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO): 

    UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING 
  • Communicate effectively using visual, mathematical and/or language skills Communication through oral and written means is central to this Unit Standard. 

  • UNIT STANDARD CCFO DEMONSTRATING 
  • understand the world as a set of inter-related parts of a system Application of this outcome will be revealed through the quality of the descriptions and explanations of Skills Development which is an inter-related system. 

  • UNIT STANDARD ASSESSOR CRITERIA 
    N/A 

    REREGISTRATION HISTORY 
    As per the SAQA Board decision/s at that time, this unit standard was Reregistered in 2012; 2015. 

    UNIT STANDARD NOTES 
    This unit standard replaces unit standard 9947, "Implement workplace skills plan(s)", Level 5, 20 credits.

    According to SAQA Decision Number 0355/04, the title, level and credits of this unit standard have been changed from "Advise on the alignment of skills development objectives and practices with strategic objectives in an organisation", Level 6, 12 credits. 

    QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
      ID QUALIFICATION TITLE PRE-2009 NQF LEVEL NQF LEVEL STATUS END DATE PRIMARY OR DELEGATED QA FUNCTIONARY
    Core  50334   National Certificate: Occupationally Directed Education Training and Development Practices  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Core  57805   National Certificate: Public Sector Employment and Skills Development Practices  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  PSETA 
    Core  49710   National Diploma: Development Practice  Level 5  NQF Level 05  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Core  50333   National Diploma: Occupationally Directed Education, Training and Development Practices  Level 5  NQF Level 05  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Core  50330   Bachelor: Occupationally Directed Education Training and Development Practices  Level 6  NQF Level 07  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 
    Core  50331   National Certificate: Occupationally Directed Education, Training and Development Practices  Level 6  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L6  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  ETDP SETA 
    Elective  61589   National Certificate: Banking  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 
    Elective  79886   National Certificate: Business Advising  Level 5  NQF Level 05  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  SERVICES 
    Elective  59201   National Certificate: Generic Management  Level 5  Level TBA: Pre-2009 was L5  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 
    Elective  61592   National Diploma: Human Resources Management and Practices  Level 5  NQF Level 05  Passed the End Date -
    Status was "Reregistered" 
    2023-06-30  As per Learning Programmes recorded against this Qual 


    PROVIDERS CURRENTLY ACCREDITED TO OFFER THIS UNIT STANDARD: 
    This information shows the current accreditations (i.e. those not past their accreditation end dates), and is the most complete record available to SAQA as of today. Some Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionaries have a lag in their recording systems for provider accreditation, in turn leading to a lag in notifying SAQA of all the providers that they have accredited to offer qualifications and unit standards, as well as any extensions to accreditation end dates. The relevant Primary or Delegated Quality Assurance Functionary should be notified if a record appears to be missing from here.
     
    1. A and N Training Institute Pty LTd 
    2. ABCR HRD Consultants Pty Ltd 
    3. Abinet Training and Development 
    4. Academy of Management and Entrepreneurial Excellence 
    5. ACADEMY OF PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT PTY LTD 
    6. Academy of Personal Mastery 
    7. Academy Training Group 
    8. Accreditation Training Services 
    9. Affari Consultants cc 
    10. AFRICA COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT PTY LTD 
    11. Aldabri 106 Institute for Quality Pty Ltd 
    12. ALMENTA 240 ICHAF 
    13. Alpvest Institute for Future Tech Pty Ltd 
    14. AMG Training and Hygiene Consultants 
    15. AMM Training and Consulting 
    16. Amyoli Consulting 
    17. Annacol Training Consultants 
    18. Aquarius Skills Solution 
    19. Asakhe Education Network 
    20. ASORIP NPC 
    21. Assessment College Of South Africa Pty Ltd 
    22. ATE Solutions Pty Ltd 
    23. Atlega For Woman Projects Enterprise 
    24. ATTE The Training Edge 
    25. Attractive Softcare Application Projects cc T A Brilliant HR Solutions 
    26. Aubrey Nyiko Business Enterprise cc 
    27. Audit Campus 
    28. Azanian Community Development Pty Ltd 
    29. B T Group of Companies PTY Ltd 
    30. Bascon Projects Pty Ltd 
    31. BLC Academy 
    32. Bohlali Provider Support 
    33. Boikgantsho Consulting Events cc 
    34. Bonang Training Development 
    35. Bordergate Events Management And Projects 
    36. Botho Nare Investments 
    37. Botle Training and Consulting Pty Ltd 
    38. BPK Trading and Project 
    39. Brainwave Projects 1997 PTY Ltd 
    40. Bull s Business and Skills Training Institute 
    41. Cale Developments 
    42. Camblish Training Institute Pty Ltd 
    43. Career Builders Academy 
    44. Charlie Training and Consulting Pty Ltd 
    45. Chartall Business College 
    46. Cherity Diale Transormation and Development Pty Ltd 
    47. CMA Investments 34 Pty Ltd 
    48. Colleen Osorio Skills Development Consultancy cc 
    49. Compass Academy of Learning 
    50. Corporate Safety Training Academy PTY Ltd 
    51. Cresco Consultants CC 
    52. Crystal Training and Consultancy Services 
    53. Curoplex PTY LTD 
    54. D and D Lwazi Renaissance Research and Development Institute 
    55. Dabulamanzi Njabulo Ndaba Consulting cc 
    56. DAPFETC PTY Ltd 
    57. Dee s Training PTY LTD 
    58. Deligence Defined 
    59. Dicla Training and Projects 
    60. Ditshiamiso Business Enterprise cc 
    61. Dotcentre Business Consulting PTY Ltd 
    62. Drewmach Branding Solutions Pty Ltd 
    63. Edgra Projects 
    64. Eduskills Rainbow 
    65. Edutel Skills Development Pty Ltd 
    66. Empire Conferencing and Training 
    67. Enjo Consultants Pty Ltd 
    68. Environment and Language Education Trust 
    69. Esigangeni General Trading 
    70. Essential Skills Management 
    71. EWCC Incorporating Skills Development 
    72. Executive Coaching and Facilitation 
    73. Faranang Business and Training Solutions PTY LTD 
    74. Felix Risk Training Consultants 
    75. First Trust Academy 
    76. Footballers Investment Pty Ltd 
    77. Fourways Private College 
    78. Funda Africa Academy Pty Ltd 
    79. Future Performance Training and Development 
    80. Fuze Divergency Enterprise2 Pty Ltd 
    81. Gare Kgare Projects Pty Ltd 
    82. Genius Business College Pty Ltd 
    83. George Steven Academy 
    84. Giver of Givers Foundation Organisation 
    85. Glidex International Pty Ltd 
    86. Goldberg De Villiers Myburgh Pty Ltd 
    87. Gotsec Skills Training 
    88. Growpoint Academy Pty Ltd 
    89. Growth Management Consulting 
    90. HDPSA 
    91. Heart Solutions 
    92. Helpers For Life NPC 
    93. Highveld Training Academy and Business Solutions 
    94. History Makers Business Consulting 
    95. HLOSI SECURITY SOLUTIONS 
    96. HRD Performance Consultants 
    97. HRD Training Consulting 
    98. Ikamva Lisezandleni Zethu 
    99. Ikamva Projects Pty Ltd 
    100. Imfundiso Skills Development 
    101. Imithombo Institute 
    102. IMPAT Training Academy Pty Ltd 
    103. In Full Colour Consultancy 
    104. IN TUITION 
    105. Infinity Academy Benoni Pty Ltd 
    106. Inkwenkwezi Private College Skills Development cc 
    107. Inqaba Yokulinda Youth Organisation 
    108. Isibani Skills Academy 
    109. Isibani Soluntu 
    110. Ithemba Elihle Institute Pty Ltd 
    111. Itsoseng Training Institute 
    112. IYAM Investments Pty Ltd 
    113. J and N Ikwekwezi Yokusa Development Training 
    114. Jacobs Well Village NPC 
    115. Jale Holdings Pty Ltd 
    116. Jari Holdings Pty Ltd 
    117. Joera Holdings Pty Ltd 
    118. Jonglad Trading Enterprise 
    119. K T Innovative Solutions 
    120. Kapoko Trading Enterprise 5 
    121. Katiso kuno Consulting 
    122. Katlego Compliance Training 
    123. Kay Madume Business Enterprise 
    124. Kele Thabo Holdings 
    125. KELLYGIRL SKILLS PTY LTD 
    126. Kenako Jwale Skills Development and Training Centre 
    127. Kenced Holdings Pty Ltd 
    128. Kez Enterprises and Consulting Pty Ltd 
    129. Kgaebane Trading 
    130. Kgaka Kgolo Institute Pty Ltd 
    131. Khoali Group of Companies Pty Ltd 
    132. KITSO TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT 
    133. Klein Karoo Resource Centre 
    134. Koketso Rakhudu Foundation 
    135. Learnership Support Systems PTY Ltd 
    136. LEARNFORWARD TRAINING SOLUTIONS AND CONSULTING AGENCY 
    137. Learning Performance Link 
    138. Lehlabile Emergency Institute 
    139. Leronsa Trading Enterprise 
    140. LESEDI MOHAU DEVELOPMENT CENTRE 
    141. Level 5 Skills 
    142. Levi Training Centre and Projects 
    143. LIFE LAUNCH ACADEMY PTY LTD 
    144. Life Projects 
    145. Lionsden Africa Business Solutions Pty Ltd 
    146. LM Training Development 
    147. Loago Institute Pty Ltd 
    148. LVK Management Services 
    149. M28 Consulting and Trading 
    150. Mabidi Funzani Trading And Projects Pty Ltd 
    151. Maccauvlei Learning Academy Pty Ltd 
    152. Mafo and Mank Skills Development Pty Ltd 
    153. Malaikas Nursing Academy 
    154. Malandela Training and Development Pty Ltd 
    155. Maluke Training Consultants 
    156. Malumash Enterprise CC 
    157. Manzezulu Consulting Agency 
    158. MASHUSHE ETDP TRADING AND PROJECTS 
    159. Mawethu Training 
    160. MBAT PTY LTD 
    161. Mberwana Trading Enterprise 
    162. Mentor Me Corporate Foundation 
    163. MENTORNET PTY LTD 
    164. MI Learning Development Consultancy 
    165. Mlamuli M Connect Pty Ltd 
    166. Mmuso and Associates 
    167. Mod Mosh Projects and Consulting PTY LTD 
    168. MOKO SECURITY SERVICES 
    169. Motheo Training Institute Trust 
    170. MPIC Projects Pty Ltd 
    171. Muthu Consultants Pty Ltd 
    172. Myfamily Projects and Consulting 
    173. National Versatile Training Institute 
    174. Ndalo Wellness Studio 
    175. Ndivuka Skills Development 
    176. Ndzalama Training 
    177. Neolebongi Trading Enterprise 
    178. Netgrow Training Solutions 
    179. Networx for Career Development 
    180. New Generation Skills 
    181. Newskills Consulting PTY Ltd 
    182. Next Step Academy Pty Ltd 
    183. Nomagwanishe Investments CC 
    184. Nqowethu Trading 
    185. NS Zonke Management Consultants 
    186. Nsovo Learning Academy 
    187. NTI College 
    188. Omni HR Consulting Pty Ltd 
    189. Opehst Consulting and Training 
    190. Orchards Graduate School Pty Ltd 
    191. Paradise Skills Development 
    192. Patnet Business Institute 
    193. Peak Skills Pty Ltd 
    194. People Centered Institution 
    195. Petra institute of Development PTY Ltd 
    196. Phakamisa Training Company 
    197. PHALANE SAFETY CONSULTANT AND TRAINING PROVIDERS PTY LTD 
    198. Plumb Line Risk Alignment 
    199. PMA Holding Pty Ltd 
    200. PND Academy of Learning cc 
    201. Premier Recruitment and Training Pty LTD 
    202. PRO ACTIVE PUBLIC SERVICES COLLEGE PTY LTD 
    203. Pro Link 
    204. PUISANONG INVESTMENT ENTERPRISESPTY PTY LTD 
    205. QED Quality Executive Development 
    206. Redefined Skills Training and Development 
    207. Resonance Institute of Learning 
    208. ROBIN T J THOMAS BUSINESS CONSULTANT PTY LTD 
    209. RSA Institute Pty Ltd 
    210. SA KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTE 
    211. Sadhana Govender Project Consultants Pty Ltd 
    212. Saint Colonel Graduate Institute PTY Ltd 
    213. Sanchaa Connection 
    214. Sanctuary School for the Future 
    215. SANDF COLLEGE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY 
    216. Scan Training Solutions 
    217. Seanapyane Resources Pty Ltd 
    218. Seoposengwe Training Consultancy CC 
    219. Simunye Assessor Training Pty Ltd 
    220. Sipheongobonga 
    221. Sisazi Consulting 
    222. Sithole ithuba Community Development 
    223. Siyakhana CC 
    224. Siyazama 
    225. Sizani Consulting cc 
    226. SK Empire Consultancy 
    227. Skills Catalyst Consultants 
    228. Skills Dynamics Africa PTY Ltd 
    229. Skills Junction Pty Ltd 
    230. SKU Training and Assessment 
    231. Skyhigh Skills Development PTY LTD 
    232. Sondela Academy PTY LtD 
    233. South West Gauteng TVET College 
    234. Southern African Institute of Learning SAIL 
    235. St Mor Ventures 
    236. STARPLEX LEARNING FOUNDATION INSTITUTE 
    237. SWARANANG DEVELOPMENT AGENCY 
    238. T Mabuya Associates Pty Ltd 
    239. TDM Management Consulting Pty Ltd 
    240. TEAM CONSULTANTS CC 
    241. Tembe Service Providers 
    242. Thando Consulting Services Pty Ltd 
    243. The Beneficiation Academy 
    244. The Institute of Literacy Advancement 
    245. The Institute of People Development 
    246. The Iscariota Group Pty Ltd 
    247. THE SHERQ CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE PTY LTD 
    248. THE SKILLS COLLEGE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING PTY LTD 
    249. The Skills Launchpad 
    250. The Supreme Training Academy 
    251. The Wellness Specialist 
    252. THINK TWICE 
    253. Thuba Segole Bed and Breakfast and Enterprise 
    254. TJH Business Solutions Pty Ltd 
    255. Tlharihani Training Centre Pty Ltd 
    256. TLN Human Performance Systems Pty Ltd 
    257. Tlotliso Enterprise Pty Ltd 
    258. TMG Quality Services 
    259. Too See Consulting Pty Ltd 
    260. Totally Tailored Solutions Pty Ltd 
    261. Train 2 Teach Pty Ltd 
    262. Train 4 Gain Consulting 
    263. Training Answers 
    264. Training Consultant and SD College 
    265. Trainyoucan Pty Ltd 
    266. Trinity Skills Solutions 
    267. True Reflection Training and Development cc 
    268. Tshase Education Group Pty Ltd 
    269. Tsheko ke Mokwena Transport and Projects PTY Ltd 
    270. Tshianzi Development 
    271. TSHIROLOGO DISABILITY TRAINING SERVICES PTY TLD 
    272. TT AND PROJECTS 
    273. Ulwazi Training Development 
    274. Umlilo Education 
    275. UMO LEARNING SUPPORT SYSTEM 
    276. Umzansi Educational Programs Centre 
    277. Utopia Institute 
    278. Vaiti Staffing and Training Solutions cc 
    279. VERYCOOLIDEAS 
    280. Vicresco Pty Ltd 
    281. VISION MEETS ACTION PTY LTD 
    282. VUWA PROJECTS 
    283. WILMON GUIDANCE DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE PTY LTD 
    284. WilRatty Consultants PTY Ltd 
    285. WORKERS COLLEGE 
    286. Workers Knowledge Centre Pty Ltd 
    287. XO EDUCATION Pty Ltd 
    288. Yellow Media Learning Institute Pty Ltd 
    289. Yenza Umehluko Make a Difference 
    290. Your Human Resource Solutions Pty Ltd 
    291. Zamsiba Development Consultants 
    292. Zisukumele Training Academy Pty Ltd 



    All qualifications and part qualifications registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.